Genetics

Genetics is that branch of science that relates to the study of genes, and their role in biological inheritance. This is the process by which offspring tend to have features similar to their parents. The earliest applications of genetics were developed long before the beginning of recorded history, with the domestication and selective breeding of plants and animals. The genetic information is chemically encoded in DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid). Genomics is the study of all the DNA in a given species.

It wasn't until 1865 that Gregor Mendel first traced inheritance patterns[?] of certain traits in pea plants and showed that they obeyed simple statistical rules. Although not all features show this Mendelian inheritance, his work acted as a proof that application of statistics to inheritance could be highly useful. Since that time many more complex forms of inheritance have been demonstrated. From his statistical analysis Mendel defined a concept that he described as an allele which was the fundamental unit of heredity. The term allele as Mendel used it is nearly synonymous with the term gene, whilst the term allele now means a specific example of a particular gene. The significance of Mendel's work was not understood until early in the twentieth century, after his death, when his research was re-discovered by other scientists working on similar problems.

Mendel was unaware of the physical nature of the gene. We now know that genetic information is normally carried on DNA. (Certain viruses store their genetic information in RNA). Manipulation of DNA can in turn alter the inheritance, and features of various organisms.

These genes, in turn, contain the information to produce proteins, which then ultimately bring about changes in the phenotype of the organism.

Some view that life can be defined, in molecular terms, as the set of strategies which RNA polynucleotides have used and continue to use to perpetuate themselves. This definition is based on the RNA world hypothesis.

The science which grew out of the union of biochemistry and genetics is widely known as molecular biology.

Changing the DNA of an organism for a practical end is called genetic engineering.

Timeline:

1859 Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species

1865 Gregor Mendel's paper, Experiments on Plant Hybridization

1903 Chromosomes are discovered to be hereditary units

1905 British biologist William Bateson[?] coins the term "genetics" in a letter to Adam Sedgwick

1910 Chromosomes include genes

1913 Gene maps[?] show chromosomes containing linear arranged genes

1927 Physical changes in genes are called mutations

1928 Frederick Griffith discoveres a hereditary molecule that is transmissible between bacteria (see Griffiths experiment)

1931 Crossing over is the cause of recombination

1944 Oswald Theodore Avery, Colin McLeod[?] and Maclyn McCarty[?] isolate DNA as the genetic material (at that time called transforming principle[?])

1945 Genes code for proteins; see the original central dogma of genetics

1950 Erwin Chargaff shows that the four nucleotides are not present in nucleic acids in stable proportions

1952 The Hershey-Chase experiment proves the genetic information of phages (and all other organisms) to be DNA

1953 DNA structure is resolved to be a double helix by James Watson and Francis Crick

1958 The Meselson-Stahl experiment demonstrates that DNA is semiconservatively replicated

1961 The genetic code is arranged in triplets

1977 DNA is sequenced

1997 First genome sequenced

2001 First draft sequences of the human genome are released simultaneously by the Human Genome Project and Celera Genomics.

The study of inherited features not strictly associated with DNA/RNA is called epigenetics.

See also : biology -- central dogma of genetics -- Svante Pääbo